外观
前端设计模式应用
浏览器中的设计模式
单例模式
- 定义: 全局唯一访问对象
- 应用场景: 缓存, 全局状态管理
- 用单例模式实现请求缓存
typescript
import { api } from "./utils"
const cache: Record<string, string> = {};
export const request = async (url: string) => {
if (cache[url]) {
return cache[url]
}
const response = await api(url);
cache[url] = response;
return response;
}
js
test("should response quickly second time", async () => {
await request("/user/1");
await startTime = Date.now()
await request("/user/1");
await endTime = Date.now()
const costTime = endTime - startTime;
expect(costTime).toBeLessThan(50);
})
发布订阅模式
- 定义: 一种订阅机制, 可在被订阅对象发生变化时通知订阅者
- 应用场景: 从系统架构之间的解耦, 到业务中一些实现模式, 像邮件订阅, 上线订阅等等, 应用广泛
js
const button = document.getElementById("button");
const doSomething = () => {}
button.addEventListener('click', doSomething)
- 用发布订阅模式实现用户上线订阅
typescript
type Notify = (user: User) => void;
export class User {
name: string;
status: "offline" | "online";
followers: { user: User; notify: Notify }[];
constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
this.status = "offline";
this.followers = [];
}
subscribe(user: User, notify: Notify) {
user.followers.push({ user, notify });
}
online() {
this.status = "online";
this.followers.forEach(({ notify}) => {
notify(this);
})
}
}
js
test("should notify followers when user is online for multiple users", () => {
const user1 = new User("user1");
const user2 = new User("user2");
const user3 = new User("user3");
const mockNotifyUser1 = jest.fn();
const mockNotifyUser2 = jest.fn();
user1.subscribe(user3, mockNotifyUser1);
user2.subscribe(user3, mockNotifyUser2);
user3.online();
expect(mockNotifyUser1).toBeCalledWith(user3);
expect(mockNotifyUser2).toBeCalledWith(user3);
})
JavaScript 中的设计模式
原型模式
- 定义: 复制已有对象来创建新的对象
- 应用场景: JS 中对象创建的基本模式
- 用原型模式创建上线订阅中的用户
javascript
const baseUser: User = {
name: "",
status: "oofline",
followers: []
subscribe(user, notify) {
user.followers.push({ user, notify });
}
online() {
this.statis = "online";
this.followers.forEach(({ notify}) => {
notify(this)
})
}
}
export const createUser = (name: string) => {
const user: User = Object.create(baseUser);
user.name = name;
user.followers = [];
return user;
}
javascript
test("should notify followers when user is online for user prototypes", () => {
const user1 = createUser("user1");
const user2 = createUser("user2");
const user3 = createUser("user3");
const mockNotifyUser1 = jest.fn();
const mockNotifyUser2 = jest.fn();
user1.subscribe(user3, mockNotifyUser1);
user1.subscribe(user3, mockNotifyUser2);
user3.online();
expect(mockNotifyUser1).toBeCalledWith(user3);
expect(mockNotifyUser2).toBeCalledWith(user3);
})
代理模式
- 定义: 可自定义控制对原对象的访问方式, 并且允许在更新前后做一些额外处理
- 应用场景: 监控, 代理工具, 前端框架实现等
- 使用
- 使用代理模式实现用户状态订阅
typescript
type Notify = (user: User) => void;
class User {
name: string;
status: "offline" | "online";
followers: { user: User; notify: Notify }[];
constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
this.status = "offline";
this.followers = [];
}
subscribe(user: User, notify: Notify) {
user.followers.push({ user, notify });
}
online() {
this.status = "online";
}
}
typescript
export const createProxyUser = (name: string) => {
const user = new User(name);
const proxyUser = new Proxy(user, {
set: (target, prop: keyof User, value) => {
target[prop] = value;
if (prop === "status") {
notifyStatusHandlers(target, value);
}
return true;
}
})
const notifyStatusHandlers = (user: User, status: "online" : "offline") => {
if (status === "online") {
user.followers.forEach(({notify}) => {
notify(user);
})
}
}
return proxyUser;
}
迭代器模式
- 定义: 在不暴露数据类型的情况下访问集合中的属性
- 应用场景: 数据结构中有多种数据类型, 列表, 树等, 提供通用操作接口
- 用 for of 迭代所有组件
typescript
class MyDomElement {
tag: string;
children: MyDomElement[];
constructor(tag: string) {
this.tag = tag;
this.children = [];
}
addChildren(component: MyDomElement) {
this.children.push(component);
}
[Symbol.iterator]() {
const list = [...this.children];
let node;
return {
next: () => {
while ((node = list.shift())) {
node.children.length > 0 && list.push(...node.children);
return { value: node, done: false};
}
return { value: null, done: true };
}
}
}
}
typescript
test("can iterate root element", () => {
const body = new MyDomElement("body");
const header = new MyDomElement("header");
const main = new MyDomElement("main");
const banner = new MyDomElement("banner");
const content = new MyDomElement("content");
const footer = new MyDomElement("footer");
body.addChildren(header);
body.addChildren(main);
body.addChildren(footer);
body.addChildren(banner);
body.addChildren(content);
const expectTags: string[] = [];
for (const element of body) {
if (element) {
expectTags.push(element.tag);
}
}
expect(expectTags.length).toBe(5)
})
前端框架中的设计模式
代理模式
- Vue组件实现计数器
vue
<template>
<button @click="count++">count is: {{ count }}</button>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref } from "vue";
const count = ref(0);
</script>
- 前端框架中对 DOM 操作的代理
- 更改 DOM 属性 -> 更新虚拟 DOM -> 视图更新
组合模式
- 定义: 可多个对象组合使用, 也可单个对象独立使用
- 应用场景: DOM, 前端组件, 文件目录, 部门
- React 组件结构
jsx
export const Count = () => {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
<button onClick={() => setCount((count) => count + 1)}>
count is: {count}
</button>
)
}
jsx
function App() {
return (
<div className="App">
<Header />
<Count />
<Footer />
</div>
)
}
总结
设计模式不是银弹
- 总结出抽象的模式相对比较简单, 但是想要将抽象的模式套到场景中却非常困难
- 现代编程语言的多编程范式带来的更多可能性
- 真正优秀的开源项目学习设计模式并不断实践